How old is the earth biblically - Feb 23, 2010 ... One is young earth, because it seems to me that the natural reading of Genesis 1 is 24-hour days, not Day-Age. And two, the view that John ...

 
Adding 2008 years makes it from 6012 to 7768 years that man has been on earth."Ussher's proposed date of 4004 BC differed little from other Biblically-based estimates, such as those of Bede (3952 .... Townside property management

Christian Answers: Young Earth - The age of the Earth can be determined using a literal interpretation of the Bible by adding up the genealogies of ancient Biblical figures and estimating from there. Scientific methods for dating the age of the Earth are unreliable and contradict the Bible. The date of creation has …The evolution theory approximates the earth’s age as billions of years old. However, the more we look into the evidence, a 6,000-year-old earth seems more plausible.In today’s digital age, the internet has revolutionized the way we access information and connect with others. This includes the realm of religious studies, where online platforms ...Today, it is common knowledge, earth is old, certainly older than 6,000 years. Do not make a mockery out of God’s Word by telling people Adam and Eve lived with dinosaurs, or Noah’s flood caused major geologic changes to the earth. Do not tell people the earth is only 6,000 years old when the Bible and Creation itself tells us it is far older.LXVI. (1) The heaven is my throne . . .--We are left to conjecture the historical starting-point of this utterance of a Divine truth. Was the prophet condemning in advance the restoration of the temple on the return from Babylon, or, as some critics have supposed, the intention of some of the exiles to build a temple in the land of their captivity, as others did afterwards …The concept of a first earth age is not biblically sound for several reasons. First, it is not directly supported by the biblical text. Proponents of the first earth age theory refer to various definitions of Greek and Hebrew words that they claim support the idea that there was a “first earth” laid waste prior to the flood.The Sixth Day … 27 So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them. 28 God blessed them and said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it; rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and every creature that crawls upon the earth.” 29 Then God said, …The Pre-Adamic Age is the First Age of the Seven Ages in God's Plan for All. It began at the creation of the heavens and the earth, and ended at the start ...that the earth is somewhere fairly close to 4.5 billion years old. Whether or not the earth actually is that is old is another question altogether. However, the efforts of some “scientific creationists” to claim that science supports an age of only a few thousand years for the earth fall Devastation on the Earth: Isaiah 24: 725 BC: Isaiah's Songs of Praise: Isaiah 25 - 27: 725 BC: Isaiah's Further Warnings: Isaiah 28 - 32: 725 BC: Isaiah Prophesies a King Shall Reign: Isaiah 32: 725 BC: Isaiah Declares God's Judgments: Isaiah 33, 34: 725 BC: Isaiah Declares the Joyful Will Flourish in Zion: Isaiah 35: 725 BC: Hoshea the Last ... Nov 1, 2016 ... Join Origins host Donn Chapman as he welcomes geneticist and scientist, Dr. Robert Carter for, “Biblical Age of the Earth.Genesis 1:1-31 ESV / 24 helpful votesHelpfulNot Helpful. In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was without form and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters. And God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light.R.C Sproul Jr on the Age of the Earth, according to the Bible: Historically, the Church has distinguished between those doctrines which are part of the well-being of the Church and those doctrines which are part of the being of the church. That is, the latter category if you get rid of this, you’re not the Church anymore: (such as) the deity ...Well, start with God’s Word in a new video production from Evidence Press, Earth Battles: How Old Is It? This exciting video uses the Grand Canyon to explore how we understand the age of the earth through the lens of God’s Word and biblical history, particularly the global flood of Noah’s day. Host Jim Bendewald interviews me, Answers …This led him to estimate that Earth was about 75,000 years old. ... Holmes published The Age of the Earth, an Introduction to Geological Ideas in 1927 in which he presented a range of 1.6 to 3.0 billion years. No great push to embrace radiometric dating followed, however, and the die-hards in the geological community stubbornly resisted. ...The Bible says that “God created the heavens and the earth.”. ( Genesis 1:1) He told the first human pair: “Be fruitful and become many, fill the earth and subdue it, and have in subjection . . . every living creature that is moving on the earth.”. ( Genesis 1:28) The only mention of death was in connection with disobedience.May 17, 2021 ... The same logic we applied to the tall tree also applies here; if the whole Earth could be seen from the top of a mountain we would conclude that ...Fossils were unknown when the Bible was written. Fossils only become an issue if you interpret the Bible to believe that the Earth is younger than the fossil record shows. This is far from the only interpretation of the Bible. The question should be: How do people who believe that the Earth is only 6000 years old explain the … Earth’s age is still an open question—well, depending on who you talk to. In Jewish and Christian traditions, religious scholars report that the Bible, interpreted literally, suggests that the world is roughly 6,000 years old—a claim that is frequently cited by young-Earth creationists. Teasing an answer out of other religious traditions ... Jan 30, 2024 · The biblical evidence suggests that the glory of God is the reason why God created everything, including the earth. In his work “A Dissertation Concerning the End for Which God Created the World,” Jonathan Edwards puts it like this: “It appears reasonable to suppose, that it was God’s last end, that there might be a glorious and abundant emanation of his infinite fullness of good ad ... However, some people interpret the genealogies in the Old Testament to estimate the Earth’s age. According to this interpretation, the Earth would be around 6,000 to 10,000 years old. In the book of Genesis, it is written, “In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth” (Genesis 1:1, NKJV). The six-day creation account in ... The Bible teaches that the earth is old, not young, based on a small translation error in Genesis 1:2. The verse should read "The earth BECAME without form, and void" instead of "The earth …What is the concept of Lucifer's flood? Is the idea of a Luciferian flood biblical? Serpent Seed doctrine — What is it? Old Earth What does old-earth creationism teach? Does the Bible support the Day-Age Theory? Did God take six literal 24-hour days to create the world, or six ages? What is the Big Bang theory? The God …Thinking Biblically About Earth History. Christians face challenges from the world in the area of science. We are told that science has demonstrated that the earth is 4.6 billion years old and that molecules-to-man evolution is a fact. These perspectives are in direct conflict with a plain reading of the Bible.According to the Bible, Planet Earth is about 6000 years old. While this number isn’t specifically mentioned in the Bible, it is inferred by scholars based on other information provided. This age fluctuates by a few decades depending on which authority is …Biblical Age of the Earth. Scripture presents enough chronological information to estimate the number of years between Adam, whom God created on Day 6 of the creation week, and Christ, who was the last Adam. From Adam to the Flood was about 1,656 years, and Abraham lived a few hundred years after the Flood.Mar 9, 2014 · Even today many biblical Christians who subscribe to young earth creationism hold to a date very similar to the one calculated by the Irish bishop. Position #2: Dr. William Henry Green. One of the most interesting rebuttals to Ussher’s theory can be found in a dusty old theological journal from the late 1800s. Dr. The Bible describes six groups of events that happened during the days, or epochs, of creation: Day 1: God made light reach earth’s surface, resulting in night-and-day cycles.—. Genesis 1:3-5. Day 2: God formed an expanse, or a division between water on earth’s surface and water high above its surface.—. Genesis 1:6-8.In Luke 3, we even have a full biblical lineage from Adam to Jesus through notable progenitors, like Noah, Shem, Abraham, David, and Joseph (Mary’s husband), who was only the supposed father of Jesus (Luke 3:23). The full genealogy from Adam to Jesus was 76 clearly listed generations, and from Noah …The web page explores different methods of determining the age of the earth, both based on the Bible and on science. It concludes that the age of the earth is not a clear or critical issue for Christianity, and that both young …Jun 22, 2020 · Updated Jun 22, 2020. Dating the earth in years is tricky. We all know that there are those who believe the earth is billions of years old, and there are those who believe the earth is ... 5 Answers. There is a idea, known as Gap Theory, that says that the first few verses of Genesis should be translated as the following: 1 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. 2 And the earth [became]* without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep.Images from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory show Earth dashing across the frame. For a few weeks a year, a massive black shadow dashes across images captured by NASA’s Solar Dyna...How old does the Bible say the earth is? Can we trust biblical chronology, and how close to an exact ‘age’ can we get? Is the Greek translation of the Old Testament a better record of the Bible’s history? These questions can be answered, but we have to think through the issues.July 7, 2022. Article by. Jason DeRouchie. Professor, Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. ABSTRACT: Even if old-earth views are within the bounds of Christian orthodoxy, Scripture …Young Earth creationists have claimed that their view has its earliest roots in ancient Judaism, citing, for example, the commentary on Genesis by Ibn Ezra (c. 1089–1164). That said, Shai Cherry of Vanderbilt University notes that modern Jewish theologians have generally rejected such literal interpretations of the written text, and that …5. Theology and Philosophy. 6. Conclusion. According to biblical scholars and theologians, the Bible offers various clues that point to the Earth being around 6,000 years old. This age is determined by looking at the genealogies given in the Bible and tracing back to the earliest individuals mentioned in each lineage.According to the Bible, Planet Earth is about 6000 years old. While this number isn’t specifically mentioned in the Bible, it is inferred by scholars based on other information provided. This age fluctuates by a few decades depending on which authority is …Differences between Young-Earth Creationism and Old-Earth Creationism. The literalist perspective of the age of Earth is largely associated with the Young-Earth Creationist movement. This movement is based on the belief that Earth was created as described in the Bible, and that the planet is no more than …Christian Answers: Young Earth - The age of the Earth can be determined using a literal interpretation of the Bible by adding up the genealogies of ancient Biblical figures and estimating from there. Scientific methods for dating the age of the Earth are unreliable and contradict the Bible. The date of creation has …We affirm that Genesis 1-3 is a coherent account from the hand of Moses. We believe that history, not myth, is the proper category for describing these chapters; and furthermore that their history is true. In these chapters we find the record of God’s creation of the heavens and the earth ex nihilo; of the special …The truth is that Terah was 130 years old, which calculates age of the earth according to the MT at 4114 BC + 60 = 4174 BC. 6. Flood date is calculated by subtracting [total Gen 5 years] from [creation date] and adding [98 years] because Shem was born in Noah’s 502 nd year and the flood occurred when Noah was …How old does the Bible say the earth is? Can we trust biblical chronology, and how close to an exact ‘age’ can we get? Is the Greek translation of the Old Testament a better record of the Bible’s history? These questions can be …Though there is some disagreement among biblical scholars about its exact age, the Earth is generally believed to be no more than a few thousand years old. Some biblical calculatio...Young Earth creationists have claimed that their view has its earliest roots in ancient Judaism, citing, for example, the commentary on Genesis by Ibn Ezra (c. 1089–1164). That said, Shai Cherry of Vanderbilt University notes that modern Jewish theologians have generally rejected such literal interpretations of the written text, and that …that the earth is somewhere fairly close to 4.5 billion years old. Whether or not the earth actually is that is old is another question altogether. However, the efforts of some “scientific creationists” to claim that science supports an age of only a few thousand years for the earth fallThe evolution theory approximates the earth’s age as billions of years old. However, the more we look into the evidence, a 6,000-year-old earth seems more plausible.Jun 2, 2017 · The standard exponential model of population growth is as follows: N = N 0e kt. where N = the population size at time t, N 0 is the population size at time 0, and k = the growth rate. Importantly, this formula should only be applied to large populations. Such claims are groundless. The Genealogies of Genesis 5 and 11 do not and cannot contain any gaps. The information contained in those genealogies allows one to ...Jan 4, 2022 · The concept of a first earth age is not biblically sound for several reasons. First, it is not directly supported by the biblical text. Proponents of the first earth age theory refer to various definitions of Greek and Hebrew words that they claim support the idea that there was a “first earth” laid waste prior to the flood. The concept of a pre-Adamic race is the idea that God created a race of humans who lived on the Earth before He created Adam, the first man. This hypothesis has been promoted by various scholars at various times throughout history. Roman Emperor Julian the Apostate (circa A.D. 331–363) and Calvinist theologian Isaac de La Peyrère …THE BIBLE DOES NOT SAY HOW OLD THE EARTH IS. It is a gross misrepresentation of Scripture to declare that the Bible states the universe was created in 144 hours around 6,000 years ago. There are many fine Hebrew scholars who acknowledge that the days of Genesis chapter 1 could be “periods of unspecified time”. To make a young earth the ...The resulting knowledge has led to the current understanding that the earth is 4.55 billion years old. That takes us to the end of this series of papers but not to the end of the story.Based on Genesis 1 and genealogies, the web page argues that the earth is about 6,000 years old. It cites various chronologists who have arrived at similar dates and contrasts them with secular estimates of 4.5 billion years.Genesis 1:1-31 ESV / 31 helpful votesHelpfulNot Helpful. In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was without form and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters. And God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light.How old does the Bible say the earth is? Can we trust biblical chronology, and how close to an exact ‘age’ can we get? Is the Greek translation of the Old Testament a better record of the Bible’s history? These questions can be …How old does the Bible say the earth is? Can we trust biblical chronology, and how close to an exact ‘age’ can we get? Is the Greek translation of the Old Testament a better record of the Bible’s history? These questions can be answered, but we have to think through the issues. Thinking Biblically About Earth History. Christians face challenges from the world in the area of science. We are told that science has demonstrated that the earth is 4.6 billion years old and that molecules-to-man evolution is a fact. These perspectives are in direct conflict with a plain reading of the Bible. Oct 3, 2022 ... johnmacarthur#Bible#Jesus#bibleteaching How Old Is The Earth Asked A Kid - John MacArthur John MacArthur is one of my favorite Biblical ...Try reading the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament.) There is not one negative verse in the Old Testament concerning what Christians refer to as the Devil. ... 32:24, 30) Similarly, concerning Babylon the Great, the book of Revelation says, “the kings of the earth . . . will weep and beat themselves in grief over her, when …Marriage is a sacred union designed to bring two individuals together in love, companionship, and mutual support. In order to build a successful and lasting marriage, it is importa...Old Earth creationism (OEC) is an umbrella of theological views encompassing certain varieties of creationism which may or can include day-age creationism, ... The Science of God, that the Sun is 4.6 billion years old. The biblical flood. Some old Earth creationists reject flood geology, a position which leaves them ...While the secular scientific academy estimates the earth to be 4.543 billion years old, there are two common positions regarding the earth’s age among Bible-believing Christians today. The first is known as young earth creationism (YEC), which holds that the days of Genesis 1 are literal, 24-hour days and that the earth was created …Apr 3, 2023 · This view takes the genealogies in the Bible as a literal timeline and calculates the age of the earth to be around 6,000-10,000 years old. Young Earth Creationism: This view argues that the earth was created in six literal 24-hour days, and that the biblical genealogies provide an accurate timeline of human history. Adding 2008 years makes it from 6012 to 7768 years that man has been on earth."Ussher's proposed date of 4004 BC differed little from other Biblically-based estimates, such as those of Bede (3952 ... Verse 12. - And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind. It is noticeable that the vegetation of the third day sprang from the soil in the same natural manner in which all subsequent vegetation has done, viz., by growth, which seems to resolve the well-known problem of whether the tree was ... If such an interval is indeed intended, there is no discrepancy between the Bible record and scientific determinations that the earth is up to several billion years old. If, on the other hand, there is no such gap, then the earth itself must be only around 6,000 years old—which most scientists consider an impossibility.Feb 19, 2024 · Most scholars believe it was around 970-967 BC, but possibly as late as 836 BC, depending on how one calculates the Biblical chronology. Thus, books 2 through 5 of the Pentateuch (Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy) were written during a forty-year span beginning at some point between 1454-1320. How old does the Bible say the earth is? Can we trust biblical chronology, and how close to an exact ‘age’ can we get? Is the Greek translation of the Old Testament a better record of the Bible’s history? These questions can be …This makes finding an exact age for Earth difficult, because the original rocks that formed on the planet at the earliest stages of its creation are no longer here. The oldest rocks that have been found are about 3.8-billion years old, though some tiny minerals have been dated at 4.2 billion years. The controversy regarding whether the earth is young or old centers on the meaning of the first two verses of the Bible. We know that Adam and Eve were made about 6,000 years ago. The Bible record, however, is silent regarding exactly how old is our planetary home. Some believe the world was created only a few days before Adam and Eve. Genesis 1:1-11:32 ESV / 2 helpful votesHelpfulNot Helpful. In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was without form and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters. And God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light.Apr 2, 2018 · Conclusion. According to the Bible, the first man on Earth is Adam. The Genesis account provides a rich and intricate narrative of creation, highlighting God’s direct involvement in forming humanity. Adam’s role as the first man, created in the image of God, sets the stage for the unfolding drama of human history, encompassing both moments ... Genesis 1:1-31 ESV / 3 helpful votesHelpfulNot Helpful. In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was without form and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters. And God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light.Mar 14, 2023 · The evolution theory approximates the earth’s age as billions of years old. However, the more we look into the evidence, a 6,000-year-old earth seems more plausible. How old is the Earth according to the Bible? Using the Greek Old Testament, the age of the Earth starts in about 5572 BC with God’s Creation of the Universe. The Hebrew Masoretic text records that God created the Universe in ~4186 BC. These dates for the age of the Earth agree with all observable scientific …Genesis 1:1-31 ESV / 12 helpful votesHelpfulNot Helpful. In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was without form and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters. And God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light.Navigating complex biblical passages can be a daunting task, especially for those who are not well-versed in the intricacies of biblical interpretation. The Bible is a rich and com...How old does the Bible say the earth is? Can we trust biblical chronology, and how close to an exact ‘age’ can we get? Is the Greek translation of the Old Te...Today, it is common knowledge, earth is old, certainly older than 6,000 years. Do not make a mockery out of God’s Word by telling people Adam and Eve lived with dinosaurs, or Noah’s flood caused major geologic changes to the earth. Do not tell people the earth is only 6,000 years old when the Bible and Creation itself tells us it is far older.that the earth is somewhere fairly close to 4.5 billion years old. Whether or not the earth actually is that is old is another question altogether. However, the efforts of some “scientific creationists” to claim that science supports an age of only a few thousand years for the earth fallThe Bible describes six groups of events that happened during the days, or epochs, of creation: Day 1: God made light reach earth’s surface, resulting in night-and-day cycles.—. Genesis 1:3-5. Day 2: God formed an expanse, or a division between water on earth’s surface and water high above its surface.—. Genesis 1:6-8.Jun 8, 2012 ... Young-earth creationism, which argues that the world ... Is Young-Earth Creationism Biblical? Young ... He allowed for the universe to be very old ...If the traditional historic date of 587 BC or 586 BC for the Captivity is correct, the earth cannot be more than 7,680 years old (table 4), having been created between 5665 BC and 3822 BC. The date of the Flood is more significant to the evaluation of extra-biblical history than is the date of creation.Using family trees in the Bible, they trace the start of the world to between 6,000 and 12,000 years ago. They believe in a very 'young' earth. The issue here ...The Bible does give detailed genealogies of the ancestors of Jesus, which include how long an individual was reported to have lived. When you add up the life spans of all those listed in the biblical genealogies, add 2,000 years since Christ, you get somewhere around 6,000 or so. And that is the entire argument of …Last week, scientists announced the discovery of Kepler-186f, a planet 492 light years away in the Cygnus constellation. Kepler-186f is special because it marks the first planet al...The question of how old the Earth is in the Bible is an ancient one that has been carefully studied for centuries. Many believe the Bible reveals a literal six-day creation, and that the universe is only several thousand years old. Others argue that the literal six-day creation story of Genesis may be an allegory, and that the universe is …The biblical evidence suggests that the glory of God is the reason why God created everything, including the earth. In his work “A Dissertation Concerning the End for Which God Created the World,” Jonathan Edwards puts it like this: “It appears reasonable to suppose, that it was God’s last end, that there might be a glorious and abundant …Jan 30, 2024 · The biblical evidence suggests that the glory of God is the reason why God created everything, including the earth. In his work “A Dissertation Concerning the End for Which God Created the World,” Jonathan Edwards puts it like this: “It appears reasonable to suppose, that it was God’s last end, that there might be a glorious and abundant emanation of his infinite fullness of good ad ...

How old does the Bible say the earth is? Can we trust biblical chronology, and how close to an exact ‘age’ can we get? Is the Greek translation of the Old Testament a better record of the Bible’s history? These questions can be …. How to write a press communique

how old is the earth biblically

We simply know that he was aged 75. So the date of creation could be pushed back to about 4,200 BC, but not really much further. Those who assume that Young Earth Creationism implies that the Earth is 10, 000 years old or younger are not using the Bible for their dating methods. The term Young Earth Creationism should really only be used …Genesis 1:1-31 ESV / 31 helpful votesHelpfulNot Helpful. In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was without form and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters. And God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light.Both old earth creationism and young earth creationism seek to solve the apparent conflict between science and the Bible in regard to the age of the earth. What is the apparent conflict? If the book of …How old does the Bible say the earth is? Can we trust biblical chronology, and how close to an exact ‘age’ can we get? Is the Greek translation of the Old Te...Try reading the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament.) There is not one negative verse in the Old Testament concerning what Christians refer to as the Devil. ... 32:24, 30) Similarly, concerning Babylon the Great, the book of Revelation says, “the kings of the earth . . . will weep and beat themselves in grief over her, when …LXVI. (1) The heaven is my throne . . .--We are left to conjecture the historical starting-point of this utterance of a Divine truth. Was the prophet condemning in advance the restoration of the temple on the return from Babylon, or, as some critics have supposed, the intention of some of the exiles to build a temple in the land of their captivity, as others did afterwards …Many people believe that the Earth is around 6,000 years old, based on the genealogies of the Bible. This theory suggests that God created the Earth in six days, with the first day representing approximately 1,000 years. Others suggest the Earth is much older, around 4.5 billion years, the same age provided to us by …Isaiah 45:18: “… who made the earth and fashioned it, and himself fixed it fast …” Suffice to say that the earth envisioned by flat-earthers is as immovable ...Sep 1, 2018 · If you ask this question of most scientifically literate people, they will answer that the earth is about 4.54 billion years old. But if you ask biblically literate people, many will answer that the earth is little more than 6,000 years old. How old does the Bible say the earth is? Can we trust biblical chronology, and how close to an exact ‘age’ can we get? Is the Greek translation of the Old Testament a better record of the Bible’s history? These questions can be answered, but we have to think through the issues.LXVI. (1) The heaven is my throne . . .--We are left to conjecture the historical starting-point of this utterance of a Divine truth. Was the prophet condemning in advance the restoration of the temple on the return from Babylon, or, as some critics have supposed, the intention of some of the exiles to build a temple in the land of their captivity, as others did afterwards …The Holy Bible does not say how old the earth is but 2 verses of the account of creation show that each day was not 24 hours. The account of the 3rd day of creation plainly shows that each day was ...So, even if you calculate the date strictly using biblical record, the earth might be 25,000 years old or even 50,000. ... The flood could explain much of the alleged evidence for a seemingly much older earth. The Bible says “all the springs of the great deep burst forth, and the floodgates of the heavens were opened” (Gen. …The 6000 years is roughly discerned using clues from stories in the Bible, but there are other measures placing its age closer to 7500 years. What is generally used is the following: ... Young Earth Creationist (YEC) or Old Earth Creationist (OEC). As a YEC believe that God is more then capable of creating …Mar 7, 2020 ... We start off with the “elephant in the room”: But the Bible says the Earth and universe are 6,000 years old. That's impossible. What about the ...How can we Determine the Age of the Earth from the Bible? Determining the age of the earth using the Bible is a straightforward, two-step process: (1) Determine whether the six days in Creation Week were ordinary days.This leads us to Adam, who was spontaneously created by God (i.e., he didn’t evolve) on the Sixth Day of Creation; (2) Determine how ….

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